European Trade in Upper India in the Seventeenth Century: Merchants' Interaction and the Areas of Convergence and Divergence

Abstract

The European merchants were active in India during the Mughal rule in the seventeenth century. Among the European merchants, the English merchants achieved considerable success in trade and commerce in upper India by adopting a commercial strategy that established a close connection with the central authority and state officials. The presence of merchants, both indigenous and foreign, led to mutual support in commercial activities and to areas of convergence and divergence. The merchants relied on the banjaras and brokers for commercial purposes, as they were well acquainted with the regions and markets. The Europeans employed them to explore the regions and expand the scope of their trade in India, as they were unaware of the regions, practices, and customs. The Mughal state had a close relation with the trade and commerce of the realm. The state was active in making all necessary arrangements to foster trade and ensure the safety of merchants. Sometimes, the state's policies and customs, along with the involvement of state officials, also posed a hindrance to merchants' commercial activities. However, the hindrances were rare, and the state was diligent in providing a safe environment for merchants.