International Journal of Management and Development Studies
⭐ NOTICE ⭐ All issues published from December 2012 to December 2025 are available at old.ijmds.in. New submissions and current activities continue at ijmds.in. International Journal of Management and Development Studies is a fully peer reviewed / refereed journal dedicated to the publishing of scholarly articles from practitioners of and dissenters from international and regional studies. The journal also provides a platform for research in management and development studies. This journal publishes high-quality manuscripts engaging both theoretical and empirical issues in management, commerce, economics, and allied development studies. It also features case studies focusing on practical implications, papers related to learning and teaching in business, management, and development studies, as well as book reviews of recently published works. Articles published in the International Journal of Management and Development Studies are valuable to research scholars, policy makers, academicians, practitioners, and analysts in government and organizations seeking to understand the diverse and complex characteristics of international environments. While international-scope research is encouraged, papers focused on domestic contexts and issues are also highly welcomed to support global knowledge sharing and generalizability of research findings. Journal Information Title: International Journal of Management and Development Studies Journal Start Year: 2012 Frequency of Publication: Monthly (12 issues per year) ISSN (Online): 2320-0685 Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Subject: Business and Management & Development Studies Languages: English Accessibility: Open Access Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin (Licensed) Publication Format: Online Impact Factor: 5.81 (IIJIF) Contact Information Contact No.: +91-93284 90029 Email: editor@ijmds.in Website: https://ijmds.in/ | Old Website: https://old.ijmds.in/
Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) on Modern Commerce
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming modern commerce by enhancing efficiency, personalization, and decision-making across business operations. This article examines how AI-driven technologies—adopted by companies such as Amazon and Netflix—are reshaping customer experiences through recommendation systems, automating routine processes, and enabling data-driven strategies. It highlights AI’s role in optimizing supply chains, improving fraud detection, and revolutionizing marketing through targeted advertising platforms like Google Ads. While the benefits of AI include increased productivity, cost reduction, and enhanced customer engagement, the article also addresses critical challenges such as data privacy concerns, ethical risks, algorithmic bias, and workforce displacement. The article concludes that AI represents a fundamental shift in commercial practices, and its successful integration requires a balanced approach that combines technological innovation with responsible governance and ethical considerations.
Factors Affecting Consumer Intention to Use Blinkit in Rajkot City
In today’s era, internet has become one of the most popular platforms to shop online including online grocery shopping (OGS) which has been considered relatively new but a promising sector of e-commerce in India. This study explores the factors influencing customer intention to use Blinkit, a quick-commerce platform, in Rajkot city. A study was carried out for understanding the key factors affecting customer intention such as Trust, Convenience, and Security. A survey was developed, and responses were collected and analysed using multiple regression analysis. The findings suggest that one of the major determinants of customer satisfaction while buying groceries from Blinkit and the study provide insights for Blinkit to optimize its services, improve customer satisfaction in Rajkot city. A simple random sampling method was used, and a structured questionnaire was employed to collect data. In total 225 respondents have been given preference having to blinkit. Founded in 2013, it has evolved to specialize in rapid delivery of groceries and a wide range of household items. Operating through a network of strategically located "dark stores," Blinkit ensures that orders are fulfilled and delivered to customers within minutes, significantly enhancing convenience. Blinkit has stiffened its position in the competitive Indian market, focusing on leveraging technology to meet the demands of fast-paced urban lifestyles.
An Empirical Study of Sectoral Turnover Behaviour and GST Revenue in India During the COVID-19 Pandemic
This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sectoral turnover and Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue in India using an empirical approach. The research is based on monthly data from September 2018 to August 2021, divided into pre-COVID and during-COVID periods. It focuses on selected sectors such as steel, aluminium, zinc, and lead to analyse changes in turnover behaviour, along with GST revenue trends. The findings reveal that the nationwide lockdown significantly disrupted economic activities, leading to a sharp decline in sectoral turnover, particularly in April 2020. However, the extent of impact varied across sectors, with aluminium showing relatively stable performance compared to others. Statistical analysis using paired t-tests indicates a significant impact of COVID-19 on the turnover of steel, aluminium, and lead, while zinc remained largely unaffected. In contrast, GST revenue, despite an initial sharp fall, demonstrated resilience and recovered steadily, showing no statistically significant long-term impact. The study concludes that while COVID-19 severely affected production and turnover in certain sectors, GST revenue stability may be attributed to price adjustments and gradual economic recovery. The paper highlights the need for targeted policy interventions to stabilize sectoral performance and sustain economic growth.
Relationship between Hunger and Health Outcomes of Children: Evidence from South Asian Region
Purpose: South Asian region shows a pronounced vulnerability to various development parameters like hunger, poverty, malnutrition, etc. Despite technological advancements over the years, the region is more or less found herself at the lower bottom of the development ladder. At this back drop, the paper tries to examine the incidence of hunger in South Asia using calorie undernourishment and also makes an attempt to explore the relationship between hunger and children health outcomes. Methodology: Present research work is based on secondary data gathered from the GHI report, 2024. It has used Roy’s (2017) methodology for analysing the status of hunger and has also constructed Children Health Outcome Index (CHOI) in line with the works of Nath and Roy (2023). It has sought to investigate the relationship between hunger and CHOI by using a panel regression model. Findings: Results of the study indicate that the proportion of undernourished has been dropping, but a sudden spike in hunger was observed in 2024, except in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. In respect of children health outcome, except Afghanistan, other South Asian countries are making progress, although at a slow rate. Regression results exert that Children Health Outcome Index (CHOI) is positively and significantly associated with calorie undernourishment. Originality: This paper contributed to the limited empirical evidence on hunger in South Asian nations. It dives into the deep to measure the state of hunger among the South Asian countries and tries to find out whether there is any significant relationship between undernourishment and CHOI.
Work, Wages, and Women’s Autonomy: Panchayat-Level Insights into the Economic Impact of Rural development in rural India
Economic stability in rural regions is essential for inclusive and sustainable development, particularly in drought-prone areas where livelihood vulnerability and gender inequality persist. Women’s economic empowerment significantly improves household welfare, as women tend to invest a larger share of their income in children’s education, nutrition, and family well-being. This study examines women’s financial independence and empowerment through participation in rural development schemes in the drought-prone Purulia Sadar subdivision. The study aims (i) to construct a Composite Financial Independence and Empowerment Index (FIEI) using standardized indicators and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) weightages to measure economic and social impacts, and (ii) to assess socio-economic and spatial variations across Panchayats and identify determinants shaping income gains, financial inclusion, and empowerment outcomes. Primary data were collected from 395 respondents across 13 Panchayats using purposive random sampling. Results show that participation in financial decision-making averages 35.57 (SD = 6.25), while financial independence averages 50.58 (SD = 9.95), indicating moderate progress toward autonomy. Higher empowerment scores are observed in Manara (0.528), Ghongha (0.641), Lakhanpur (0.489), and Ghatbera-Kerowa (0.548). The Kruskal–Wallis test (H = 10.52, p = 0.0052) confirms significant inter-Panchayat disparities. The findings highlight the need for targeted, Panchayat-level interventions to strengthen women’s financial empowerment.
From Social Contract to Democracy: A Philosophical Analysis
This paper provides a philosophical examination of the intellectual shift from classical social contract theory to contemporary democratic ideology. In my view, democracy ought to be perceived not as a divergence from contractarianism but as its moral and institutional apex. This research critically examines the works of Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, and Kant to elucidate the evolution of key notions like as consent, political obligation, equality, and sovereignty into the essential principles of constitutional and deliberative democracy. The paper additionally analyses how twentieth-century theorists reconceptualized the social compact as a normative instrument for expressing justice, legitimacy, and public reason in pluralistic communities. Simultaneously, it confronts significant critiques—feminist, racial, and communitarian—that question the exclusions and abstractions inherent in classical contract theory, thus highlighting the necessity for its democratic reconstruction. The article contends that contemporary democracy embodies the dynamic actualization of contractarian principles, institutionalized via constitutionalism, representation, and participatory processes. The analysis enhances contemporary political theory by illustrating that the lasting significance of democracy resides in its ability to critically inherit, amend, and enrich the normative framework of the social contract tradition.
Cold Chain Infrastructure as a Growth Driver for India’s Agriculture Exports
India’s agricultural sector possesses immense potential in global trade; however, its export performance continues to be constrained by significant post-harvest losses and infrastructural deficiencies. One of the most critical challenges in this context is the inadequacy of cold chain infrastructure, which directly affects the quality, shelf life, and international competitiveness of perishable agricultural commodities. The present study investigates the role of cold chain infrastructure as a key growth driver for India’s agricultural exports by utilizing both primary data from 200 respondents and secondary data obtained from government reports, international organizations, and published research sources. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical research design to evaluate the existing status of cold chain facilities, analyze trends in agricultural export performance, and assess the impact of cold chain infrastructure on reducing post-harvest losses and enhancing export competitiveness. The findings indicate that cold chain capacity in India remains insufficient and unevenly distributed, with limited integration across perishable agricultural supply chains, leading to post-harvest losses estimated at nearly 25–30 percent. Further analysis reveals a strong positive relationship between cold chain development and agricultural export growth. Commodities supported by organized cold chain systems demonstrate improved quality preservation, longer shelf life, better price realization, and enhanced compliance with international quality standards. Although policy initiatives such as those implemented by APEDA and other government agencies have contributed to infrastructure development, notable gaps persist in accessibility, operational efficiency, and regional coverage. The study concludes that cold chain infrastructure is a vital enabler of export-oriented agricultural development. Strengthening cold chain systems through integrated infrastructure planning, technological innovation, investment support, and effective policy implementation is essential for reducing post-harvest losses and improving India’s competitiveness in global agricultural markets.
Guidance and Counselling in Inclusive Education: A Constructivist Approach to Supporting Diverse Learners
The goal of inclusive education is to guarantee equal chances for participation and success for students of all backgrounds and abilities. Through a constructivist lens, this essay explores the function of advice and counseling in inclusive classrooms, highlighting the active role that students play in creating meaning and knowledge. It looks at how counseling techniques might be modified to promote the cognitive, social, and emotional development of various learners by encouraging introspection, teamwork, and personal development. The study identifies successful methods for fostering engagement and empowerment, including scaffolding, peer cooperation, customized instruction, and reflective practices. Along with discussing potential solutions including professional development, technology integration, and collaborative frameworks, it also addresses the difficulties that inclusive advice faces, such as scarce resources, inadequate training for educators and counselors, and institutional limitations. The research emphasizes the significance of learner-centered, context-sensitive techniques that foster self-confidence, resilience, and social competence by placing guidance and counseling within a constructivist framework. The results imply that successful counseling not only improves academic performance but also fosters holistic development, empowering students to overcome obstacles and contribute significantly in inclusive environments. Overall, the study shows that developing educational settings where diversity is respected, equity is promoted, and every student may reach their full potential requires constructivist-guided counseling.
AI driven Upskilling and Reskilling of Employees in India
Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing all sectors of the Indian economy. This change has led to the imperative of upskilling and reskilling the skills of employees. This paper is purely based on secondary data sources such as NASSCOM, KPMG, Deloitte, McKinsey, World Economic Forum, reports of the Government of India, and reputed academic journals. The study found that by 2025-26, 65-70% of the workforce in India will need to learn new AI-related skills. Only 38% of employees currently have access to AI-based training programs. The skill gap has been found to be highest (45-60%) in IT, banking, financial services, and manufacturing sectors. Government schemes such as 'National Skill Development Mission 2.0' and 'iGOT Karmayogi' are emphasizing on AI-based learning platforms. The findings clearly suggest that AI-powered training can increase productivity by 25-40%, but the digital divide, limited access to SMEs, and gender-based inequality are serious challenges. The research suggests that the public-private partnership (PPP) model and adaptive AI platforms can secure the future of Indian employees.
Language as a Tool of Social Construction and Representation
Language is much more than a neutral channel of information flow, it is an active, constitutive process that creates social realities, forms identities and continues or challenges systems of power. The theoretical data and empirical aspects of language as social construction/representation tool are reviewed in this research article. The article presents the theoretical background of the analysis of linguistic practices as a means of generating meaning, performing social differentiation, and naturalising the dominant ideological formations, drawing on the early works by Ferdinand de Saussure, Ludwig Wittgenstein, John L. Austin, Pierre Bourdieu, Michel Foucault and modern scholars of critical discourse analysis. The literature review combines the major theoretical frameworks, such as social constructionism, theory of the speech acts, critical discourse analysis, and systemic functional linguistics, as well as major empirical research on the topic of gender, race, and political discourse. The implications of the discussion to education, media, policy, and social justice advocacy are taken into account. The paper ends with the conclusion that the constructive power of language cannot be understood without being critically aware because, perhaps, it can also be transformed.
Discourse of Dignity in The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro
This paper discusses dignity discourse in the Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro, and the way that the notion of dignity influences the identity, the vision of the world, and the choices of the main character Stevens. Dignity, a professional ideal that is based on discipline, emotional control, and unswerving devotion to an employer is introduced in the novel as a professional ideal. Stevens, an English butler, who is old, understands dignity as the capacity to lock his personal emotions and express unwavering composure in the execution of his job in Darlington Hall. The use of first-person narration and later retrospective reflection, through Stevens, shows how this strictness of definition of dignity results in emotional suppression, inaction, in the severing of significant personal relationships, in her case, with Miss Kenton. Another feature, which is pointed out in the research, is that the loyalty to Lord Darlington leads Stevens to ethical blindness as, despite the political sympathies of his employer being doubtful, he still remains loyal. This research shows how Ishiguro criticizes strict class divisions and socially defined principles of professionalism by examining the definitions, models, implications, and eventual reversal of the concept of dignity in the novel.
The Problem of Induction and Its Philosophical Significance in Russell’s Theory of Knowledge
This study examines Bertrand Russell's discourse on the concept of induction, which is essential for elucidating how individuals obtain knowledge beyond direct experience. Russell contends that although we have direct acquaintance with sense-data and recollections of past experiences, the majority of our understanding of the external world—encompassing physical things, natural laws, and future occurrences—relies on inference. These conclusions are informed by overarching concepts that enable us to understand one event as indicative of another. The principle of induction is thus crucial in validating our anticipations regarding the future based on patterns discerned in the past. Russell scrutinizes the prevalent idea that past repetitions serve as evidence for like future events. Common beliefs, such as anticipating the sun's rise tomorrow due to its historical consistency, exemplify this dependence on inductive reasoning. Nevertheless, Russell underscores that such anticipations cannot produce absolute certainty. Rather, recurrent linkages between events merely augment the likelihood that the same pattern would persist. He articulates the inductive principle by asserting that when two types of events (A and B) have been consistently observed in conjunction without any counterexamples, an increased frequency of such occurrences enhances the likelihood of their simultaneous recurrence. With a sufficiently high sample size, this probability may near practical certainty. Notwithstanding its significance, Russell contends that the principle of induction cannot be logically substantiated. Specific instances may corroborate a basic principle, although they cannot definitively ascertain its universal validity. Furthermore, induction cannot be validated through experience, as every reference to prior success inherently assumes the legitimacy of induction itself. Nonetheless, Russell asserts that the inductive principle is essential for quotidian reasoning and scientific investigation. In its absence, forecasts regarding the future and scientific generalizations would lack a basis, rendering knowledge beyond present experience unattainable.
An Empirical Analysis of Last-Mile Delivery Efficiency: Evaluating Operational and Demographic Determinants in E-commerce Logistics
The rapid expansion of the e-commerce and food delivery sectors has placed unprecedented pressure on last-mile logistics. This study investigates the factors influencing delivery rider efficiency through a comprehensive statistical lens. Utilizing a dataset of monthly performance metrics, the research employs descriptive analysis, paired t-tests, independent t-tests, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression to identify productivity drivers. Key findings reveal a significant "delivery gap" between orders attempted and orders delivered (t = 26.99, p < 0.001), primarily attributed to operational friction such as customer cancellations and Return to Origin (RTO) incidents. The regression model (R2 = 0.89) identifies Orders Attempted and Working Hours as the strongest positive predictors of success, while Cancelled Orders and RTOs significantly impede performance. Notably, the study finds that demographic factors, including gender (p = 0.77) and education level, have no significant impact on delivery productivity. The study concludes that last-mile efficiency is predominantly determined by operational variables rather than rider demographics. Recommendations focus on technological interventions to reduce order cancellations and optimize route density to bridge the attempt-delivery gap.
The Impact of Information Technology Governance on the Quality of Human Resources Management Information: A Survey Study of the Opinions of Human Resources Department Employees at the University of Ninevah
The current research aims to identify the infrastructure and critical success factors that enable human resources management in organizations to standardize employee information and achieve the quality of that information through the accuracy, speed, clarity, reliability, and legality provided by information governance systems as essential factors of information quality. The intended benefit of the current research lies in integrating information technology, in accordance with the governing frameworks, into human resources management processes, particularly employee information systems, in a manner that reduces the effort, time, and cost of accessing the information needed about job performance. The research design is based on formulating a set of questions. The research used a descriptive analytical approach through content analysis, which includes analyzing opinion polls conducted by research and studies, analyzing the results of studies, and the organization's records on the study's variables to test its hypotheses. One of the research limitations is that information technology governance is a modern topic that suffers from resistance to change and a lack of understanding of its variables in public organizations, which poses a challenge in proving the impact of such governance on human resources information. Regarding practical justifications, utilizing IT governance dimensions and exploring the relationship with HR information quality are fundamental justifications for enhancing and improving HR management processes. The originality and value of the current research lie in its being one of the first to address the dissemination of IT governance and assess its impact on HR information quality.
Current Status of Empathy among Students at Higher Education Level
The present study examined the status of empathy among students at the higher education level. A descriptive survey method was adopted. The sample consisted of 153 students from Jadavpur University and Vidyasagar University in West Bengal, selected through random sampling. A self-made standardized Empathy Measurement Scale with 25 items on a five-point Likert scale was used for data collection. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and one-way ANOVA were applied for analysis. The results showed that the overall mean empathy score was 98.33 (SD = 13.63), indicating a moderate level of empathy among students. No significant difference was found in empathy with respect to caste and number of siblings. However, a significant gender difference was observed, where female students showed higher empathy than male students. The study highlights the importance of promoting empathy and socio-emotional skills among higher education students.
Effects of Social Media on Family Communication trends and relations: A Review
The growing popularity of the use of social media in the daily existence has radically changed the communication patterns in families. The digital platforms are seen as omnipresent channels of communication ensuring that the relatives will stay in touch and share information regardless of the distance on the space scale. This paper aims to provide a synthesis of the existing literature on the impact of social media on the communication process within families and the relations within them. A literature review was conducted, including twenty-one empirical studies that were published between 2017 and 2026, and each of which investigated the position of social media in the processes of interaction in families, the quality of relationships, and the communicative practices. The literature that has been consulted proves that social media has both positive and negative impacts on family communication. On the one hand, it makes it easier to communicate with family members frequently, emotionally and to connect the generations, on the other hand, too much interaction may reduce the face-to-face communication, increase the use of digital communication and cause misunderstandings or conflicts in the family circle. Further evidence indicates that factors like parental perception, generational differences, and the digital literacy moderate the effect of social media on interpersonal relationships in the family. Overall, the review emphasizes the importance of responsible and moderate use of social media along with parental concerns and education in maintaining a healthy and high-quality communication and relationships in families during the digital age.
Project Management Information Systems and Operational Performance of WASH Projects in Kicukiro District, Rwanda
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) projects face significant implementation challenges including poor planning, inadequate monitoring, and weak coordination. This study investigated how Project Management Information Systems (PMIS) influence operational performance of WASH projects in Kicukiro District, Rwanda. Using a mixed-methods design, data were collected from 212 participants through questionnaires (N=131) and interviews (N=81). Findings revealed significant positive relationships between PMIS and project performance (R=0.302, R²=0.091, F=27.33, p<0.001). Field officers reported 74.3% agreement that PMIS supports timely decision-making (mean=3.91), while 82.8% rated user-friendliness highly (mean=4.09). Regression analysis showed each unit increase in PMIS effectiveness improves project performance by 0.328 units (B=0.328, β=0.302, t=5.23, p<0.001). However, gaps exist in regular system updates and community-level engagement. The study concludes that PMIS significantly enhances WASH project performance through improved planning, monitoring, communication, and resource management. Recommendations include establishing regular update protocols, expanding training programs, strengthening community engagement, and adopting adaptive management practices.
Monitoring and Evaluation Strategies and Implementation of Biogas Projects in Secondary Schools in Nyagatare District, Rwanda
Background: Biogas projects in Rwandan secondary schools represent a strategic intervention toward achieving sustainable energy goals and environmental conservation. However, inconsistent implementation outcomes highlight the need for effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) systems. Objective: This study investigated the effect of M&E strategies on the implementation of biogas projects in secondary schools in Nyagatare District, Rwanda, focusing on stakeholder involvement, capacity building, and performance indicators. Methods: A descriptive survey design with a mixed-methods approach was employed. The target population comprised 1,992 individuals (72 headteachers, 170 parents, and 1,750 teachers), from which 334 respondents were selected using Slovin's formula. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, then analyzed using SPSS version 21. Descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, multiple regression) were applied. Results: Stakeholder involvement showed a strong significant relationship with project implementation (R = 0.641, R² = 0.411, β = 0.641, p < .001), with 92.3% of respondents affirming its positive impact. M&E capacity building demonstrated a moderate significant effect (R = 0.510, R² = 0.260, β = 0.510, p < .001), with over 94% agreement on its importance. Performance indicators exhibited a moderately strong relationship (R = 0.621, R² = 0.386, β = 0.621, p < .001), with 92.1% of coordinators recognizing their value in improving project quality and sustainability. Conclusion: Effective M&E strategies significantly enhance biogas project implementation in Rwandan secondary schools. Stakeholder engagement, capacity building, and performance indicators collectively account for substantial improvements in project efficiency, transparency, and long-term viability. Recommendations: Strengthen participatory M&E frameworks, invest in continuous capacity development, institutionalize performance indicators, promote supportive policies, and foster collaboration with technical partners.
Agripreneurship in Punjab: Examining the Status of the Agri-Clinics and Agri- Business Centres Scheme
The agriculture sector is critical to the economy of India and strengthening agricultural extension services will lead to increases in farm productivity and rural livelihoods. In 2002 the Government of India (GoI) launched an Agri-Clinics and Agri-Business Centres (hereafter abbreviated as ACABC) scheme that provides supportive services to private agribusinesses by creating professional advisors for farmers from agriculture graduates and supporting agripreneurship among graduates. The study examines the status and performance of the ACABC scheme in India with special reference to Punjab. The present study is based on secondary data extracted from the ACABC database and analyzed using descriptive statistics along with the Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR).The findings indicate there are significant amounts of candidates that have been trained and have set up new enterprises throughout India. However, the contribution of Punjab’s results is comparatively lower than the national average. The study also identifies variations at district level participation and indicates the dominance of livestock and advisory based ventures. The results suggest the need for greater awareness, improved institutional support, and better access to finance to enhance the effectiveness of the scheme in Punjab.
Reconciling Freedom and Authority: Rousseau’s Political Philosophy of the General Will
In his political philosophy, Jean-Jacques Rousseau makes a significant endeavour to reconcile the apparent conflict between individual freedom and collective authority. In particular, his concept of the general will is a prime example of this approach. Rousseau’s The Social Contract (1762) places a significant emphasis on the concept of the general will, which represents the communal interest and goes above individual preferences in order to provide for the common good. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Rousseau’s framework addresses the contradiction of being “forced to be free” by proving that true liberty can be found in the conformity to self-prescribed laws through the common will. This study emphasizes the lasting significance of Rousseau’s theories in addressing the balance between human autonomy and legitimate authority in modern democratic administration. This is accomplished by studying the philosophical foundations, practical implications, and criticisms of Rousseau’s theory. The essay highlights the theoretical contributions that Rousseau’s philosophy has made to contemporary political theory, while at the same time noting the criticisms that have been levelled against ambiguity and the possibility of misuse.
The Role of Sports in Promoting Social Inclusion and Teamwork in Mathematic Subject among Secondary School Students: Evidence from Rwanda
Purpose: This study investigates the role of sports in fostering social inclusion and Teamwork In mathematic Subject Among students at GS Rutonde secondary school, Bugesera District, Rwanda. Methodology: A descriptive survey design was employed, drawing on a sample of 83 students selected from a target population of 484 using Yamane's formula and simple random sampling. Data were collected via structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, then analysed using frequency distributions and percentage statistics. Findings: Results demonstrate that sports participation significantly enhances cross-cultural friendship formation (78.3%), teamwork skills (75.9%), and gender-inclusive co-participation (77.1%). However, the inclusion of students with disabilities remains contested, with 45.8% perceiving ongoing structural barriers. Principal challenges include lack of equipment (78.3%), inadequate facilities (78.3%), limited timetabled time (72.5%), and a shortage of trained coaches (67.5%). Conclusions: Sports represent a high-impact, low-cost vehicle for social cohesion in Rwandan secondary schools, yet their transformative potential is constrained by resource deficits and insufficient policy frameworks. The paper offers actionable recommendations for government, school administrators, and development partners.
Perception of Inclusive Education Among Ordinary Level Mathematics Teachers and Students: A Case Study of GS Muramba, Macuba Sector, Nyamasheke District, Rwanda
Purpose: This study investigates the perceptions of ordinary level students and mathematics teachers toward inclusive education at GS Muramba, a public secondary school in Macuba Sector, Nyamasheke District, Rwanda. Methodology: A concurrent mixed-methods design was adopted. Using Alain Bouchard's sampling formula, 88 students and 19 teachers were selected from a total population of 1,138. Data were collected simultaneously through structured questionnaires (teachers) and semi-structured interviews (students and school leaders), then analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Findings: The results reveal that both teachers and students exhibit largely indifferent or negative attitudes toward inclusive education, driven principally by limited awareness, inadequate training, and financial constraints. A significant proportion of parents (37 of 44) and students (26 of 44) preferred special schools over inclusive settings. All respondents confirmed that financial barriers substantially shape perceptions of inclusion's feasibility. Parental involvement was universally recognised as a determinant of inclusive outcomes, with all respondents agreeing that family engagement improves academic motivation and social acceptance among learners with disabilities. Conclusion: Genuine inclusive education in Rwandan secondary schools requires systemic investment in teacher training, adaptive learning resources, and sustained community sensitisation campaigns. The paper presents tiered recommendations for policymakers, school leaders, teachers, and communities.
European Trade in Upper India in the Seventeenth Century: Merchants' Interaction and the Areas of Convergence and Divergence
The European merchants were active in India during the Mughal rule in the seventeenth century. Among the European merchants, the English merchants achieved considerable success in trade and commerce in upper India by adopting a commercial strategy that established a close connection with the central authority and state officials. The presence of merchants, both indigenous and foreign, led to mutual support in commercial activities and to areas of convergence and divergence. The merchants relied on the banjaras and brokers for commercial purposes, as they were well acquainted with the regions and markets. The Europeans employed them to explore the regions and expand the scope of their trade in India, as they were unaware of the regions, practices, and customs. The Mughal state had a close relation with the trade and commerce of the realm. The state was active in making all necessary arrangements to foster trade and ensure the safety of merchants. Sometimes, the state's policies and customs, along with the involvement of state officials, also posed a hindrance to merchants' commercial activities. However, the hindrances were rare, and the state was diligent in providing a safe environment for merchants.
Risk - Adjusted Performance of Physical and Financial Gold Instruments in India During Geopolitical and Trade Stress
Gold has long been used as a hedge against inflation, currency depreciation, and geopolitical unpredictability, as well as a safe-haven asset. The rise of alternative investment options, including Gold Futures, Gold Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs), and Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs), has caused investor preferences to migrate away from conventional physical gold. This study compares the performance of physical gold and its synthetic financial gold alternative investment vehicles throughout times of trade-related and geopolitical unrest. Their efficiency and risk-adjusted performance are assessed by research using risk and return metrics, such as Standard Deviation, Downside Risk, Sharpe Ratio, Treynor Ratio, Sortino Ratio, Jensen's Alpha, and Beta. The results show that Sovereign Gold Bonds continuously provide higher returns and better risk-adjusted performance, even while all gold-based investments serve as protective assets during uncertain times. While gold futures show greater volatility, especially during periods of acute market stress, Gold Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs) show steady performance with modest risk. Gold prices are directly impacted by geopolitical conflicts, which can also raise commodity prices, alter interest rate policies, and disrupt global supply lines. Studying the risk and return dynamics of gold and its alternative avenues, such as Sovereign Gold Bonds (SGBs) and ETFs, is critical during the dual crisis of the Russia-Ukraine war and the US-India trade tariff war (2025–2026). The article emphasises how crucial it is to choose the right gold investment opportunities depending on investor risk tolerance and market circumstances. All things considered, the study advances our knowledge of gold's changing significance in portfolio diversification and financial stability throughout the uncertain economic periods.
Role of Microfinance Institutions in Reducing Inequality
Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) have emerged as a critical instrument for reducing socio-economic inequality by extending formal financial services to populations traditionally excluded from the banking system, including low-income households, women, rural communities, and micro-entrepreneurs. Originating from initiatives such as the Grameen Bank pioneered by Muhammad Yunus, microfinance has evolved into a global development strategy emphasizing social collateral, group lending, and inclusive finance. In India, MFIs—supported by Self-Help Groups (SHGs) and institutional frameworks developed by NABARD—have significantly expanded financial inclusion and women’s economic participation. This study examines the role of MFIs in reducing income and social inequality in Bihar, a state characterized by high poverty, limited banking penetration, and reliance on informal moneylenders. Using secondary data from national reports, credit bureaus, and empirical studies, the paper analyzes the impact of microfinance on income levels, asset creation, women’s empowerment, poverty reduction, and inequality outcomes. Findings reveal that Bihar holds the highest outstanding microfinance portfolio in India as of March 2025, reflecting both strong demand and deep outreach among marginalized groups. The study highlights that MFIs have contributed to increased household income, reduced dependence on moneylenders, improved savings behavior, and greater decision-making power for women, thereby playing a redistributive role in promoting inclusive and balanced socio-economic development.
Territorial Capacities-Capabilities and Productive Reconfiguration in Sinaloa: Implications for Regional Competitiveness and Sustainable Development
This article presents research on municipal economic dynamics in Sinaloa between 2004 and 2024, considering patterns of productive specialization and structural inequity. The aim is to characterize the sectoral conduct at local scale to identify growing trends, concentration and territorial divergence. Quantitative methods such as Location Quotient, Specialization Quotient, Sectoral Gini Index and Shift-Share analysis were applied to census data from INEGI. Results reveal a growing heterogeneity between municipalities, with specialization in agriculture, industry and tourism. The study provides useful empiric evidence for the design of differentiated public policies, oriented to regional development, as well as replicable methodological tools for other territorial contexts.
Planning for Blended Teaching and Learning on Students Achievement in Mathematics in secondary Schools of Nyabihu District, Rwanda
Purpose: This study evaluated the influence of planning for blended teaching and learning on students’ achievement in mathematics in day secondary schools of Nyabihu District, Rwanda. Specifically, it examined the blended learning components used in mathematics teaching (face-to-face instruction, online learning, mobile technologies, and technology-supported collaborative learning), determined the level of students’ mathematics achievement, and assessed the relationship between blended learning effectiveness and achievement outcomes. Methods: A descriptive survey design with a mixed-methods approach was used. The target population comprised 3,005 participants (120 teachers, 40 headteachers, and 2,845 students). A sample of 353 respondents was selected; teachers and headteachers were chosen purposively, while students were selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and an interview guide. Instruments were validated and reliability checked prior to analysis. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential tests (Pearson correlation and regression), while qualitative responses were analysed thematically. Findings: The study found that blended learning components were reported as being used in schools: 60.3% strongly agreed on the use of face-to-face instruction; 67.6% strongly agreed on the use of online learning in mathematics; 75.0% strongly agreed that technology-supported collaborative learning was applied; and 67.6% strongly agreed on the use of mobile technologies for learning support. Regarding achievement, 57.4% strongly agreed that learners employ accurate mathematical operations, and 63.2% strongly agreed that enhanced national mathematics examination performance indicates achievement. Correlation and regression results showed a positive and statistically significant relationship (p < 0.05) between blended learning components and students’ mathematics achievement.: The study concluded that effective planning and implementation of blended learning are positively associated with improved mathematics achievement in Nyabihu District day secondary schools. Strengthening teacher capacity, infrastructure support, and school-level planning is recommended to enhance blended learning effectiveness.
Examining the Effects of Climate Change on Food Security in East Africa: Evidence from Rwanda
The biggest threat to food security in East Africa has been climate change. The livelihood of people in this part of the world, national economies, and social stability is closely associated with highly climate-sensitive agriculture. This paper examines the numerous impacts of climate change on food security through the four-pillar framework of the Food and Agriculture Organization, namely availability, access, utilization, and stability, and in particular situations in Rwanda as an exemplar and policy-relevant case. Drawing on secondary data from international organizations, national statistics, and peer-reviewed studies published between 2023 and 2025, the paper demonstrates that rising temperatures, increasing rainfall variability, and the growing frequency of extreme weather events have significantly undermined agricultural productivity, household incomes, nutrition outcomes, and the long-term resilience of food systems. In Rwanda, there have been agricultural losses because of climatic factors, increased food prices, and continuous child malnutrition, which shows how susceptible the nation is despite the progress that it has achieved in terms of agricultural reform and poverty alleviation. Climate change has a disproportionate effect on food security; it affects most smallholder farmers, women, children, and displaced persons. The paper further evaluates Rwanda’s adaptation and policy responses, including the Fifth Strategic Plan for Agriculture Transformation and climate-smart agriculture initiatives. It identifies key implementation gaps related to financing, coordination, and institutional capacity. The paper concludes by stating that even though Rwanda and the East African region in general are progressing towards the development of climate-resilient food systems, addressing food insecurity with the growing rate of climate change will require continued investment, inclusive governance, and further incorporation of climate adaptation in agricultural and social protection policies. The findings are contributing to the upgraded literature of climate-food security relationships in sub-Saharan Africa and provide policy-rich information to regional decision-makers.
From Trauma to Triumph: Interventions of Non-Profit Organisations and Community Transformation in Rwanda
Post-conflict societies face complex challenges that extend beyond physical reconstruction to include psychological healing, social cohesion, and economic recovery. Rwanda’s recovery following the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi represents one of the most significant post-conflict transformation efforts globally. This study examines the role of non-profit organisations (NPOs) in facilitating trauma healing, reconciliation, and community transformation in Rwanda. Using a qualitative research design, data were collected through semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and document analysis involving seven representative organisations, including faith-based organisations, non-governmental organisations, survivor-led associations, and foundations. Findings indicate that NPOs contribute to community transformation through complementary psychosocial, social, economic, and justice-oriented interventions that operate in synergy with state-led mechanisms such as Gacaca courts, the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (NURC), and the Fund for Assistance to Genocide Survivors (FARG). The study concludes that culturally grounded, survivor-centred, and multi-actor approaches are critical for converting collective trauma into long-term social resilience and peacebuilding. Policy implications emphasize strengthening government–NPO partnerships, sustainable financing, survivor-led programming, and integrated monitoring frameworks.
Rural Infrastructure and Agricultural Productivity in Karnataka: Evidence from District- and Household-Level Analysis
Rural infrastructure plays a critical role in enhancing agricultural productivity by reducing production costs, mitigating risks, and facilitating technology adoption. While macro-level studies establish a positive association between infrastructure and agricultural growth, evidence on how infrastructure affects farm-level outcomes across regions remains limited. This paper examines the impact of rural infrastructure on agricultural productivity in Karnataka using a combined district- and household-level analytical framework. Drawing on district-level panel data for the period 2010–2025 and primary survey data from 400 farm households in Mandya and Belagavi districts, the study analyses how infrastructure availability, quality, and utilisation influence agricultural costs, productivity, and income. Composite indices of rural infrastructure are constructed, and econometric models are employed to estimate their effects across regions and farmer categories. The results indicate that rural infrastructure has a positive and statistically significant impact on agricultural productivity, with stronger complementarities and marginal effects in irrigated southern regions (e.g., Mandya) compared to transitional northern areas (e.g., Belagavi). Importantly, infrastructure quality and effective utilisation matter more than mere physical availability, particularly for small and marginal farmers. Persistent regional disparities in infrastructure access and quality contribute to uneven productivity and modest Total Factor Productivity growth in the state. The findings underscore the need for policy emphasis on infrastructure quality, last-mile connectivity, maintenance, and equitable access to promote sustainable and inclusive agricultural development in Karnataka.